The primary muscles activated during a pull-up include the latissimus dorsi (lats), located on the back, which contribute significantly to the pulling motion. Biceps brachii, located on the front of the upper arm, are also heavily engaged, flexing the elbow joint. Supporting muscles include the trapezius and rhomboids (upper back), which stabilize the shoulder girdle, and the forearm muscles, which grip the bar. Variations in grip (overhand, underhand, neutral) and width can shift the emphasis on these muscle groups.
Developing these muscles through pull-ups offers numerous benefits. Increased back and arm strength translates to improved functional fitness, making everyday tasks easier. A stronger back also contributes to better posture and reduced risk of back pain. Furthermore, pull-ups are a compound exercise engaging multiple muscle groups simultaneously, leading to greater calorie expenditure and overall strength development. Historically, variations of this exercise have been used to assess and develop upper body strength in various physical disciplines.